增温和光周期变化对东北地区兴安落叶松主要物候期的影响

兴安落叶松在东北地区森林生态系统的结构与功能中起着重要作用,气候变化背景下东北地区气温增加且光照缩短必将影响兴安落叶松的变化,特别是物候这一气候变化的敏感指标。弄清其物候对气候变化的响应有助于揭示兴安落叶松的变化趋势。但是,当前关于兴安落叶松物候对温度、光周期及其协同作用的响应机制仍不清楚。针对东北地区温度剧增、日照时数减少的特点,2019年4月至11月开展了3年生兴安落叶松幼苗主要物候期响应温度和光周期变化的大型人工气候室模拟控制实验。结果表明：(1)不同程度的增温对兴安落叶松生长周期(展叶始期至完全变色期)无显著影响,但显著缩短生长盛期(展叶盛期至叶变色普期),且增温2.0℃较增温1.5℃对生长盛期影响更大。(2)长光照显著增加兴安落叶松的生长周期(9.25 d),短光照对兴安落叶松生长周期的影响不显著,且长光照和短光照均使兴安落叶松生长盛期缩短,二者对兴安落叶松生长盛期影响表现一致。(3)长光照、短光照分别与增温协同作用均使兴安落叶松生长盛期缩短,其中增温2.0℃与长光照协同作用对生长盛期缩短更显著(34.67 d)。(4)与生长始期(展叶始期)和末期(完全变色期)相比,兴安落叶...     

Linking variability of tree water use and growth with species resilience to environmental changes

Tree growth is an indicator of tree vitality and its temporal variability is linked to species resilience to environmental changes. Second-order statistics that quantify the cross-scale temporal variability of ecophysiological time series (statistical memory) could provide novel insights into species resilience. Species with high statistical memory in their tree growth may be more affected by disturbances, resulting in lower overall resilience and higher vulnerability to environmental changes. Here, we assessed the statistical memory, as quantified with the decay in standard deviation with increasing time scale, in tree water use and growth of co-occurring European larch Larix decidua and Norway spruce Picea abies along an elevational gradient in the Swiss Alps using measurements of stem radius changes, sap flow and tree-ring widths. Local-scale interspecific differences between the two conifers were further explored at the European scale using data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank. Across the analysed elevational gradient, tree water use showed steeper variability decay with increasing time scale than tree growth, with no significant interspecific differences, highlighting stronger statistical memory in tree growth processes. Moreover, Norway spruce displayed slower decay in growth variability with increasing time scale (higher statistical memory) than European larch; a pattern that was also consistent at the European scale. The higher statistical memory in tree growth of Norway spruce in comparison to European larch is indicative of lower resilience of the former in comparison to the latter, and could potentially explain the occurrence of European larch at higher elevations at the Alpine treeline. Single metrics of resilience cannot often summarize the multifaceted aspects of ecosystem functioning, thus, second-order statistics that quantify the strength of statistical memory in ecophysiological time series could complement existing resilience indicators, facilitating the assessment of how environmental changes impact forest growth trajectories and ecosystem services.     

落叶松针叶化学成分研究

该研究采用硅胶柱色谱、半制备型高效液相色谱和重结晶等方法对落叶松针叶乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化,利用NMR、MS现代波谱技术结合相关文献报道对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定,并对提取浸膏的抑菌活性进行了测试。结果表明:从落叶松针叶乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为Larixol (1)、(2R)-5,4'-二羟基-6-甲基-7-甲氧基-黄酮(2)、2',4'-二羟基-4,6'-二甲氧基二氢查尔酮(3)、2',4-二羟基-4',6'-二甲氧基查尔酮(4)、2',4'-二羟基-4,6'-二甲氧基查尔酮(5)、异鼠李素(6)、4',5-二羟基-7-甲氧基-8-甲基黄酮(7)、山奈酚(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、豆甾醇(10)、胡萝卜苷(11)、香草酸(12)、对羟基苯甲酸(13)、二甲基罗汉松脂素(14)、15-二十九烷醇(15)。其中,化合物2,4,5和7为首次从该属植物中分离得到。抑菌活性实验结果显示,乙酸乙酯萃取浸膏在浓度为5~100 mg·mL-1时对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为55%~70%、53%~72%、61%~71%和33%~65%。上述结果为更加深入探究落叶松针叶化学成分和药理活性提供了一定理论依据。     

不同地点51个长白落叶松无性系苗期生长变异和遗传稳定性分析

长白落叶松是我国东北林区非常重要的速生用材树种之一。以不同地点51个长白落叶松无性系为材料,对其2年生苗高和地径进行调查分析,探讨其苗期生长变异和遗传稳定性。结果表明:长白落叶松无性系苗高和地径在地点间、无性系间、地点×无性系间差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);不同地点苗高和地径的表型变异系数处于23.89%~36.82%,除四平试验点的地径重复力为0.172外,不同地点苗高和地径的重复力均处于0.573~0.891;遗传稳定性分析结果表明,无性系LO 13等28个无性系的遗传稳定性较高;相关分析结果表明苗高与地径呈极显著正相关关系;利用多性状综合评价法,以20%的入选率对无性系进行选择,不同地点均选出10个综合表现较好的无性系,其中无性系LO 10和LO 26在不同地点均被入选优良无性系,且其遗传稳定性较强,可将其初选为优良无性系。     

Direct response of tree growth to soil water and its implications for terrestrial carbon cycle modelling

Wood growth constitutes the main process for long‐term atmospheric carbon sequestration in vegetation. However, our understanding of the process of wood growth and its response to environmental drivers is limited. Current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are mainly photosynthesis‐driven and thus do not explicitly include a direct environmental effect on tree growth. However, physiological evidence suggests that, to realistically model vegetation carbon allocation under increased climatic stressors, it is crucial to treat growth responses independently from photosynthesis. A plausible growth response function suitable for global simulations in DGVMs has been lacking. Here, we present the first soil water‐growth response function and parameter range for deciduous and evergreen conifers. The response curve was calibrated against European larch and Norway spruce in a dry temperate forest in the Swiss Alps. We present a new data‐driven approach based on a combination of tree ring width (TRW) records, growing season length and simulated subdaily soil hydrology to parameterize ring width increment simulations. We found that a simple linear response function, with an intercept at zero moisture stress, used in growth simulations reproduced 62.3% and 59.4% of observed TRW variability for larch and spruce respectively and, importantly, the response function slope was much steeper than literature values for soil moisture effects on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Specifically, we found stem growth stops at soil moisture potentials of ?0.47 MPa for larch and ?0.66 MPa for spruce, whereas photosynthesis in trees continues down to ?1.2 MPa or lower, depending on species and measurement method. These results are strong evidence that the response functions of source and sink processes are indeed very different in trees, and need to be considered separately to correctly assess vegetation responses to environmental change. The results provide a parameterization for the explicit representation of growth responses to soil water in vegetation models.     

Plant response to climate change along the forest‐tundra ecotone in northeastern Siberia

Russia's boreal (taiga) biome will likely contract sharply and shift northward in response to 21st century climatic change, yet few studies have examined plant response to climatic variability along the northern margin. We quantified climate dynamics, trends in plant growth, and growth–climate relationships across the tundra shrublands and Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) woodlands of the Kolyma river basin (657 000 km²) in northeastern Siberia using satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), tree ring‐width measurements, and climate data. Mean summer temperatures (T_s) increased 1.0 °C from 1938 to 2009, though there was no trend (P > 0.05) in growing year precipitation or climate moisture index (CMI_gy). Mean summer NDVI (NDVI_s) increased significantly from 1982 to 2010 across 20% of the watershed, primarily in cold, shrub‐dominated areas. NDVI_s positively correlated (P < 0.05) with T_s across 56% of the watershed (r = 0.52 ± 0.09, mean ± SD), principally in cold areas, and with CMI_gy across 9% of the watershed (r = 0.45 ± 0.06), largely in warm areas. Larch ring‐width measurements from nine sites revealed that year‐to‐year (i.e., high‐frequency) variation in growth positively correlated (P < 0.05) with June temperature (r = 0.40) and prior summer CMI (r = 0.40) from 1938 to 2007. An unexplained multi‐decadal (i.e., low‐frequency) decline in annual basal area increment (BAI) occurred following the mid‐20th century, but over the NDVI record there was no trend in mean BAI (P > 0.05), which significantly correlated with NDVI_s (r = 0.44, P < 0.05, 1982–2007). Both satellite and tree‐ring analyses indicated that plant growth was constrained by both low temperatures and limited moisture availability and, furthermore, that warming enhanced growth. Impacts of future climatic change on forests near treeline in Arctic Russia will likely be influenced by shifts in both temperature and moisture, which implies that projections of future forest distribution and productivity in this area should take into account the interactions of energy and moisture limitations.     

农杆菌介导的日本落叶松胚性细胞遗传转化研究

基于体细胞胚胎发生技术平台,利用携带pSuper1300+质粒,以潮霉素为筛选标记基因的农杆菌GV3101介导日本落叶松遗传转化,对植物受体材料生理状态、农杆菌浓度和浸染时间以及共培养时间等影响因素进行了研究、分析和讨论.结果表明:综合优化各影响因素,生长旺盛的日本落叶松胚性细胞,经浓度为0.4(OD600)的农杆菌浸染10min,共培养2d,再用含400mg/L的头孢霉素的液体培养基清洗脱菌,然后在含400mg/L的头孢霉素固体培养基上恢复培养,并置于含5mg/L潮霉素的固体培养基上多次筛选,最终共获得54个抗性细胞系,转化率平均为0.94个/g.PCR检测鉴定,所有抗性细胞系均为阳性转化体,并排除了农杆菌污染导致的假阳性.研究建立并优化了农杆菌介导的日本落叶松遗传转化技术,为进行遗传改良和基因功能鉴定提供有利平台.     

外源NO对增补UV-B辐射下兴安落叶松幼苗叶片光合色素和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在增强UV-B辐射下,以3年生兴安落叶松幼苗为实验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对幼苗的光合色素（Chla、Chlb和Car）和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。方差分析结果表明0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP对增补UV B胁迫下的兴安落叶松幼苗产生显著影响。0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP能够显著抑制增补UV-B辐射后光合色素、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和qP的明显下降以及Chla /Chlb、F_o和NPQ的升高。表明了外源NO能够减轻UV-B辐射胁迫下兴安落叶松幼苗光合反应中心的生理损伤,从而增强兴安落叶松幼苗对增补UV-B辐射胁迫环境的适应能力。     

以小时为步长的大兴安岭兴安落叶松林地表可燃物含水率预测模型

应用时滞平衡含水率法(包括Nelson和Simard两种)及气象要素回归法,以小时为步长对大兴安岭地区阳坡上部落叶松林下地表细小死可燃物进行动态含水率测定,分析了不同郁闭度林分的预测误差.结果表明:以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法适用于大兴安岭地区的典型落叶松林分,Simard法预测平均绝对误差为1.1%,平均相对误差为8.5%,低于Nelson法和传统的气象要素回归法,接近同类研究的误差范围;同一坡度、坡位上,不同郁闭度下的可燃物含水率变化差异较大,使用以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法,应根据不同地区林分和地点选择合适的平衡含水率模型,或建立基于林分的可燃物含水率模型.